REPORT DIGITAL SIGNATURE(C.S. & I.T)

In today's commercial environment, establishing a framework for the authentication of computer-based information requires a familiarity with concepts and professional skills from both the legal and computer security fields. Combining these two disciplines is not an easy task. Concepts from the information security field often correspond only loosely to concepts from the legal field, even in situations where the terminology is similar. For example, from the information security point of view, "digital signature" means the result of applying to specific information certain specific technical processes described below. The historical legal concept of "signature" is broader. It recognizes any mark made with the intention of authenticating the marked document. In a digital setting, today's broad legal concept of "signature" may well include markings as diverse as digitized images of paper signatures, typed notations such as "/a/Abb SSh," or even addressing notations, such as electronic mail origination headers.
From an information security viewpoint, these simple "electronic signatures" are distinct from the "digital signatures" described in this tutorial and in the technical literature, although "digital signature" is sometimes used to mean any form of computer- based signature. These Guidelines use "digital signature" only as it is used in information security terminology, as meaning the result of applying the technical processes described in this tutorial.
To explain the value of digital signatures in legal applications, this tutorial begins with an overview of the legal significance of signatures. It then sets forth the basics of digital signature technology, and examines how, with some legal and institutional infrastructure, digital signature technology can be applied as a robust computer-based alternative to traditional signatures.
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District Collectrate for office Integration(CS & IT)

District Collectorate Office – Information Integration is to maintain and group together information from various departments of collector office, schools and hospitals.
Purpose
Conventionally the citizen has to go to collector office in person to get the certificates like Community, Birth, Income , Ration card etc. resulting in a lot of wastage of time as well as money(involved for conveyance purpose). Here we provide the online registration facility for getting certificate to the citizens. So that they have to visit collector office only once at the time of certificate provision .
Scope
Create different employees and assign corresponding privileges.
Maintain a centralized database to provide security to information which can be accessed only by the admin.
Employee logs on to his account to approve/decline/reject the forms which are send by citizens to get certificates, under verification.
Transfer employee and promotion feature.
Track all the employees, citizens and their contact details.
All users are authenticated to avail the service.
Confirmation link is sent to the new user and employee when signing up.
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CLAP OPERATED REMOTE CONTROL FOR FANS(EC)

In modern electronics,we find this clap-operated remote control system quite useful in summers as it would enable you to control the speed of your fan or cooler, besides switching it on or off. Normally, a fan has three to five speeds but this remote control can control up to ten-step speed control fan. Besides, it provides visual indication of the speed of the fan.
The sound operated switch has the advantage that the transmitter is always with you. Further it can be used in hospitals for handicapped and in houses too.
These switches may be used to control lights or fans or anything else that does not produce too loud a sound. To prevent an occasional loud sound from causing malfunction, the circuit is normally quiescent.
This circuit may be considered in four parts : sound-operated trigger pulse generator, clock pulse generator, clock pulse counter and load operator.
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MICROCONTROLLER BASED ROBOTIC ARM WITH 3-D MOVEMENTS(EIC)

Robotic arm a prototype of an actual human arm capable of doing the same work beside found more fruitful application area. A robotic arm is a robot manipulator, usually programmable, with similar functions to a human arm. The links of such a manipulator are connected by joints allowing either rotational motion (such as in an articulated robot) or translational (linear) displacement. The links of the manipulator can be considered to form a kinematic chain
Whole project can be divided into three phases which include designing of the circuit and development of the source code and burning of the source code.
Circuit layout includes circuit and component to be placed on the board. Firstly design it on the pc design software and running of the test. Pc design software must include all component and results should be taken carefully. Each component should be properly tested while placing it on the board. Each component should be of specific rating to meet the desired result.
A development of Source Code includes creation of the assembly program and simulates it with the proper simulator software. We have included top-view simulator as simulator software. Input-output can be easily checked with the help of the input –output window.
On the completion of the above step, the final step includes program burning using a program burner. Program must be burn carefully and placing of the microcontroller should be taken care of while placing it on the burner. While burning microcontroller should me remove.
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Billing system(IT & CS)

The project “Billing system” is an application to automate the process of ordering and billing of a “Departmental store” .This web based application is designed considering the chain of departmental store which is located in various cities. This application also administrates its users and customers.
1.1 Overview
This project will serve the following objectives:-
1. Add and maintain records of available products.
2. Add and maintain customer details.
3. Add and maintain description of new products.
4. Add and maintain new entered category of products.
5. Provides economic/financial reports to the owner monthly or weekly and yearly.
6. Provides a convenient solution of billing pattern.
7. Make an easy to use environment for users and customers
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CHAT MESSENGER(IT & CS)

Chat messenger is a standlone application that is made up from the combination of two-application, server application (which runs on server side) and client application (which runs on client side). This application is using for chatting in LAN. To start chatting you must be connected with the server after that your message can broadcast to each and every client.
For making this application we are using some core java features like swing, collection, networking, I/O Streams and threading also. In this application we have one server and any number of clients (which are to be communicated with each other). For making a server we have to run the MyServer.java file at any system on the network that we want to make server and for client we have to run MyClient.java file on the system that we want to make client. For running whole client operation we can run the Login.java.
We can understand Chat Messenger application by following steps :
•Features and Limitations of the Application
•Server Side Application
•Client Side Application
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Ultrasonic Distance Meter(EC)

This device calculates the distance based on the speed of sound at 25o C ambient temperature and shows it on a 7-segment display. Using it, you can measure distance up to 2.5 meter. For this particular application, the required components are AT89C2051 Microcontroller, two 40KHZ ultrasonic transducers (one each for transmitter and receiver), current buffer ULN2003, operational amplifier LM324, inverter CD4049, four 7-segment displays, five transistors and some discreet components.
In this project, you excite the ultrasonic transmitter unit with a 40KHZ pulse burst and expect as echo from the object whose distance you want to measure. Fig. 1.2. shows the transmitted burst, which lasts for a period of approximately 0.5 ms. It travels to the object in the air and the echo signal is picked up by another ultrasonic transducer unit (receiver), also a 40 KHZ pre-tuned unit. The received signal, which is very weak, is amplified several times in the receiver circuit and appears somewhat as shows in Fig.1.2 when seen on a CRO.Weak echoes also occur due to the signals being directly received through the side lobes. These are ignored as the real echo receive alone would give the correct distance
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Civil Registry system(CS)

This project is aim to develop civil registry system in millioms of Indian Citizens and the Government as a whole as it is a convenient and systematic approach for storing enormous quantites of data,that would give each individual his identity and also help him register for all legal documents he would require during the course of his life….
Application has 3 levels -:
Admin the super level.
Users at the lower level.
Visitors at the lowest level.
The technologies required in the project are - ASP.NET and SQL Server 2005 express.
There are a number of advantages of this application:
•It is basically a user friendly platform
•This application will help the administration to maintain a comprehensive list of civillains with their details and also provide hassle free document registration to the citizens.

The hardware requirements of the project are –
•Processor: Pentium IV
•Hard disk space : 80 GB (required) or more
•Memory: 512 MB RAM
•Display : SVGA Monitor(1024 by 768)
•Internet connection
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DEVELOPMENT OF AN AC SYSTEM USING WASTE HEAT OF AN IC ENGINE(MECH

The refrigerating units currently used in road transport vehicle are of Vapour Compression Refrigeration system (VCRS). This system utilizes power from the engine shaft as the input power to drive the compressor of the refrigeration system, hence the engine has to produce extra work to run the compressor of the refrigerating unit utilizing extra amount of fuel. This loss of power of the vehicle for refrigeration can be neglected by utilizing another refrigeration system i,e. a Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System (VARS).

It is well known that an IC engine has an efficiency of about 35-40%, which means that only one-third of the energy in the fuel is converted into useful work and about 60-65% is wasted to environment. In which about 28-30% is lost by cooling water and lubrication losses, around 30-32% is lost in the form of exhaust gases and remainder by radiation, etc. In a Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System, a physicochemical process replaces the mechanical process of the Vapour Compression Refrigeration System by using energy in the form of heat rather than mechanical work. The heat required for running the Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System can be obtained from that which is wasted into the atmosphere from an IC engine.
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DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL(MECH)

This project work deals with a detailed study and design procedure of pressure vessel. A detailed study of various parts of pressure vessels like shell, closure, support, flanges, nozzles etc. Design is carried according to rules of ASME code section VIII, Division I.

The first chapter deals with detailed study of pressure vessel i.e. the various materials used in pressure construction and temperature are mentioned .It also deals with the study of various parts like flanges, support etc. Various methods of fabrication and testing are also included.

The second chapter includes design criteria .This is followed by procedure of design, which include design shell and its components, nozzles, reinforcements etc.
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Security System at home door and security lock

Overview:
The security is what a person expects from a home, this project was designed keeping this particular aspect in mind. The security system is made full proof to the maximum extent possible.
As the person is authenticated a signal can be given to the electric door lock system which can be actuated to automatically opening and closing the door. As the person is authenticated a door will automatically open for some set time delay and will be closed automatically after a particular time delay is over.
There is a large scope in future enhancements that can be provided along with this project like actuating a red glow on led on sensing the brute force.

• Problem and motivation:
1. This project is compatible in windows 98 only.
2. When the correct code is written in C language.
3. Wrong connection of the circuit may not provide a full security lock.
4. If wrong code is being entered, relay will get blocked and user has to wait for few seconds to enter the code again.

Approach and goal of this project: This project can be used for security purpose at home or at any place. In the given project, the two IR sensor circuits consist of 555 timer monostable modes as detecting circuit, will be attached at the entry/ exit door. The parallel port of PC get the data inputs from this, and according to the software, it counts the entry of each person at the door and also take the data reading for exits. The PC provide data outputs to the port to activate the devices to be switched with it. The 4-8 devices can be controlled with the system.
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A circuit that allows total control over your equipments without having to move around is a revolutionary concept. Total control over the speed of the fan is a boon to many. This product brings to you this very concept. Remote control facilitates the operation of fan regulators around the home or office from a distance. It provides a system that is simple to understand and also to operate, a system that would be cheap and affordable, a reliable and easy to maintain system of remote control and durable system irrespective of usage. It adds more comfort to everyday living by removing the inconvenience of having to move around to operate a fan regulator. The system seeks to develop a system that is cost effective while not undermining the need for efficient working. The average individual these days probably picks up a remote control at least once or twice a day.
Basically, a remote control works in the following manner. A button is pressed. This completes a specific connection which produces a Morse code line signal specific to that button. The transistor amplifies the signal and sends it to the LED which translates the signal into infrared light. The sensor on the appliance detects the infrared light and reacts appropriately. The remote control’s function is to wait for the user to press a key and then translate that into infrared light signals that are received by the receiving appliance. The carrier frequency of such infrared signals is typically around 36 kHz. The aim of this work is to design and construct a remote control for a fan regulator. The remote control device sends an infra-red beam, which is received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator and the speed of the fan is increased
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We have pleasure in introducing our new project “Rain Operated Wiper In Helmet” which is fully equipped by wiper motor. It is a genuine project which is fully equipped and designed for helmet. The rain operated wiper system is a fully automation project.
• To achieve high safety
• To increase the efficiency of the vehicle
• To reduce the vehicle accident
• To high responsibility
• Less Maintenance cost
Windshield wipers are composed of three essential parts; the blade, the arm, and the motor. The blade is a slender length of rubber that has a triangular cross section, hence the name "blade." This is the part that scrapes snow, water and ice off the windshield and is the part most prone to breakdown. The arm is the part that holds the blade against the windshield and is the mechanism by which the blade is moved back and forth by the motor. The arm usually is comprised of metal and has a hinge that allows the driver to bend the arm to change the blade. The arm is very rarely replaced.
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In today’s world security is a major concern for every society. This project is regarding the security of cars parked in the society of the accommodates. It is a hardware based security project implemented using a RFID module for a society.
Every car is mounted by a transponder(tag). When a person wants to park his car in the space reserved for the parking of a society the tag mounted on it sends a radio frequency signal. There is a receiver tag in front on the barrier of the parking area. The received signal is matched and if it does i.e. an authorized car is identified then the host computer sends a signal for the barrier to be opened automatically for the car to be parked.
The basic functionality of our project is:- The transponder or a transmitter tag is nothing but an encoder which encodes or encrypts the data to be send and there is a decoder at the other end i.e at the receiver tag accepts and matches the signal.
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A cranking motor testing machine is a machine which is used to measure the torque generated by a cranking motor to start an engine. Different size of engine requires different torque to start. By this machine we can check that is a cranking motor can produce the sufficient amount of torque to start it. This machine also uses to determine the other difficulty which comes in the starting of an engine.

For example: - cranking motor is running properly but have an problem of engaging or disengaging of cranking motor gear with the flywheel gears. We can measure the power of cranking motor after repairing or maintenance of it. After maintenance we did not know that how much torque is generated by the cranking motor to start on engine and is this produced torque is sufficient of a particular engine. In this machine help us to know that it works properly or not after maintenance.

Main parts of self testing machine:

(1) Cranking motor
(2) Fly wheel
(3) Bearing & shaft
(4) Hydraulic press & hydraulic cylinder
(5) Brake drum & brake shoe
(6) Pressure gauge

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The objective is to make the kit which can detect whether the person is drunked or not. At present drunken drivers are increased enormously and so is the deaths due to drunken drivers are increased. The main reason for driving drunk is that there is nothing to check whether the person is drunked or not. So by using the alcohol detection kit the number of accidents can be decreased upto the desired level. At every check point a single kit can save the life of hundreds of people.

In our alcohol detection kit is regulated by a sensor circuit. The sensor circuit is used to detect whether the driver has consumed the alcohol or not. If he had consumed the alcohol then we can be able to know with a beep sound made by the piezo buzzer.

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